从「游戏成瘾」说起
据报道，世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)于近日发布新版《国际疾病分类》(International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11))，其中，将「游戏成瘾」(Gaming disorder)列为「精神疾病」。
实际上，LR 发现，WHO 在今年1月份就已经在《国际疾病分类》第十一次修订本中将「游戏成瘾」列入精神疾病，并作了定义。
对比上图你会发现，在官网中「Gaming disorder」被译为「游戏障碍」，并非「游戏成瘾」。
我们先来看看「Gaming disorder」的定义：
Gaming disorder is defined as a pattern of persistent or recurrent gaming behaviour (‘digital gaming’ or ‘video-gaming’), which may be online (i.e., over the internet) or offline, manifested by:
「游戏障碍」是一种持续或者反复出现的游戏行为（“数码游戏”或“视频游戏”）模式（线上和线下都可能发生）。
那么，具体会有什么症状或者特点呢？这里可以用「manifested by」或者「characterized by」。
「manifest」是 显示；表现；表明 的意思 (to show something clearly, through signs or actions)，例如 The illness first manifested itself in/as severe stomach pains. 这种疾病最初表现为严重的胃痛。
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○ 第一，对于游戏的控制能力减弱，也就是对游戏失去控制力（如游戏开始/结束/持续时间、游戏频率、强度、情境等）；
1) impaired control over gaming (e.g., onset, frequency, intensity, duration, termination, context);
「impair」作为动词，表示 损害，削弱 (to spoil something or make it weaker so that it is less effective)，例如A recurring knee injury may have impaired his chances of winning the tournament. 复发的膝伤可能降低了他在锦标赛中获胜的机会。
「onset」表示 开端，发生，肇始（尤指不快的事件）the beginning of sth, especially sth unpleasant.
「the onset of sth」就是...的开始，如冬季的开始「the onset of winter」
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○ 第二，日益沉溺游戏，并且其优先级越来越高，甚至超过了其他兴趣爱好和日常活动；
2) increasing priority given to gaming over other activities to the extent that gaming takes precedence over other life interests and daily activities;
「precedence」指（时间、顺序、重要程度等的）居前，领先 (the condition of being dealt with before other things or of being considered more important than other things)
例，Precedence must be given to the injured in the evacuation plans. 在疏散计划中应优先考虑伤者。
Business people often think that fluency and communication take precedence over grammar when speaking. 商界人士常认为说话时流利程度和表达能力比语法重要。
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○ 第三，即使产生了负面影响或负面后果，游戏行为仍在继续甚至加剧...
and 3) continuation or escalation of gaming despite the occurrence of negative consequences.
「escalate」作动词表示（使）增强；（使）扩大；（使）加剧；（使）恶化 (to become or make something become greater or more serious). 例如，His financial problems escalated after he became unemployed. 他失业后，经济问题更是雪上加霜。
这里用的是其名词形式「escalation」英文解释为：the process of becoming greater or more serious, or a particular situation when this happens. 如「军事扩张」military escalation.
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上面三条「症状」，你中招了吗？
其实不用担心，WHO 官网中称，要确诊？必须要严重到持续至少12个月才行。
For gaming disorder to be diagnosed, the behaviour pattern must be of sufficient severity to result in significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning and would normally have been evident for at least 12 months.
就游戏障碍的诊断而言，行为模式必须足够严重，导致在个人、家庭、社交、教育、职场或其他重要领域造成重大的损害，并通常明显持续了至少12个月。
当然，介绍中也表明，这种游戏行为可能是连续性的，也可能是偶发性的、反复出现的。如果症状都符合，并且非常非常之严重，那么确诊前的观察期并非必须要达12个月不可，确诊期完全可以缩短...
The pattern of gaming behaviour may be continuous or episodic and recurrent. The gaming behaviour and other features are normally evident over a period of at least 12 months in order for a diagnosis to be assigned, although the required duration may be shortened if all diagnostic requirements are met and symptoms are severe.
「episodic」表示 偶尔发生的；不定期的 (happening only sometimes and not regularly) 例：The war between these two countries has been long-drawn-out and episodic. 这两个国家之间时断时续的战争持续了好多年。
上面例句中的「drawn-out」意思是 持续很久的；拖长的 (lasting longer than is usual or necessary) 例：This dispute has been a long drawn-out affair. 此次争端旷日持久。
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从上面的定义和症状来看，虽然「Gaming disorder」被 WHO 官网译为「游戏障碍」，但说的其实就是「游戏成瘾」。在最新发布的《国际疾病分类》(ICD-11)中，LR 也找到了如下证据：
「Gaming disorder」隶属于「Disorders due to addictive behaviours」下的一个子分支，这种「障碍」正是由「成瘾行为」导致的。那为什么 WHO 不直接将「Gaming disorder」译为「游戏成瘾」，而是「游戏障碍」呢？
是译者的问题，还是？
你觉得呢？